Maritime Security in Practice
The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code was established following the tragic events of September 11, 2001, and is designed to enhance the security of ships and port facilities worldwide. As part of the SOLAS amendments in 2002, the ISPS Code provides a regulatory framework for managing security threats, and it establishes the responsibilities of various parties, including the Ship Security Officer (SSO) and Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO).
1. What ISPS Does in Practice
The ISPS Code requires that ships and port facilities identify and assess potential security threats and take the necessary actions to mitigate them. It applies to both cargo ships, passenger vessels, and port facilities involved in international trade. The core components include:
- Security Levels: These are defined by the level of threat, which can fluctuate depending on the security situation. Ships and facilities must have three security levels:
- Level 1: Minimum level, where normal operations continue.
- Level 2: Heightened security measures, which are activated when a threat is likely.
- Level 3: Full security measures implemented during imminent threats.
- Ship Security Plan (SSP): This plan is a mandatory document outlining the specific security measures a vessel will follow to address various security threats, including access control, monitoring, and emergency procedures.
- Port Security Plan (PSP): This document outlines the security procedures and measures to be taken at the port facility, covering areas like access control, surveillance, and emergency response protocols.
- Security Awareness and Training: This ensures that all personnel, from port workers to ship officers, understand their role in maintaining security. It also includes regular drills and exercises to maintain preparedness for potential threats.
2. Key Technical Information
- Risk Assessment: The ISPS Code requires regular assessments to identify risks and vulnerabilities at the port and ship level. The Port Security Assessment (PSA) provides a detailed analysis of potential threats, while the Ship Security Assessment (SSA) identifies risks associated with the vessel’s operations. These assessments guide the creation of the Port Security Plan (PSP) and the Ship Security Plan (SSP).
- Security Equipment: The ISPS Code mandates the use of certain technologies and equipment to protect ships and ports. This includes access control systems, surveillance cameras, security lighting, and intruder detection systems. The Ship Security Alert System (SSAS) is one example, which allows ships to send distress signals in case of a security breach.
- Roles & Responsibilities:
- Ship Security Officer (SSO): Ensures the implementation of the SSP, conducts security training and drills, and coordinates with port authorities.
- Port Facility Security Officer (PFSO): Responsible for implementing the PSP, conducting security assessments, and overseeing physical security measures at the port.
- Port Security Officer (PSO): Manages the overall security of the port, including coordinating with national authorities and ensuring that the port remains at the appropriate security level.
3. The Core Code of Practice
The Code of Practice on Security in Ports was developed to guide the application of the ISPS Code, providing a framework for reducing security risks in ports. Some of the key measures include:
- Port Security Assessment (PSA): The PSA evaluates threats, vulnerabilities, and risks specific to a port and forms the foundation for the Port Security Plan (PSP).
- Port Security Plan (PSP): This is a comprehensive plan that outlines the security measures to be implemented based on the PSA. It is reviewed periodically and is updated in response to new threats or after security incidents.
- Physical Security: The code emphasizes the importance of physical barriers, restricted access points, and control over who enters and exits the port.
- Security Awareness and Training: Regular training sessions and drills are mandatory for port and ship personnel to ensure everyone understands their role in maintaining security.
4. Real-World Application & Enforcement
The ISPS Code is enforced by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) and by the maritime administrations of individual countries. Compliance with the ISPS Code is mandatory for all ports and vessels engaged in international trade. Non-compliance can result in fines, detentions, and reputational damage.
- Example: In 2005, the Port of New York and New Jersey was detained for non-compliance with the ISPS Code. The port facility failed to meet the required security standards, resulting in a temporary suspension of operations until the deficiencies were addressed.
- Accidents & Failures: The 1992 Achille Lauro Hijacking served as a significant catalyst for the implementation of the ISPS Code. The hijacking highlighted the vulnerability of maritime facilities and ships to terrorist attacks and raised global awareness about the need for comprehensive security measures. The incident led to the SOLAS amendments and the subsequent introduction of the ISPS Code.
5. Compliance Monitoring & Audits
Compliance with the ISPS Code is continuously monitored by port authorities and flag states. Regular audits ensure that security measures remain effective. The International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code audits are mandatory, and failure to comply can result in:
- Ship Detention: A vessel can be detained by port state authorities for not complying with the ISPS Code.
- Port Sanctions: Ports that fail to maintain security levels or meet audit requirements may face sanctions, including limitations on their operations or access to international shipping routes.
Regular audits help maintain high levels of security and prevent potential threats. The audits cover areas such as:
- Verification of Ship Security Plans (SSPs): Ensuring that all ships in the fleet have valid and up-to-date plans.
- Port Security Inspections: These inspections ensure that the port’s security equipment and personnel are ready to respond to any security incident.
6. Conclusion
The ISPS Code plays a crucial role in ensuring maritime safety and security by establishing a robust framework for managing security risks. By creating a standardized approach to security, it enhances international cooperation and ensures that ships and ports are prepared to address security threats. It’s not just about compliance — it’s about creating a culture of security that permeates every layer of port and ship operations, ensuring that threats are mitigated, and the safety of the maritime industry is upheld.
7. Knowledge Check: ISPS Code
Questions:
- What are the three security levels defined by the ISPS Code?
- Describe the roles and responsibilities of a Ship Security Officer (SSO).
- What does a Port Security Plan (PSP) include, and how is it created?
- What are the key security measures required in ports to comply with the ISPS Code?
- How do security awareness and training contribute to port and vessel safety under the ISPS Code?
- What real-world incident highlighted the need for the ISPS Code?
- What penalties can a ship or port face for failing to comply with the ISPS Code?
- Explain the importance of a Port Security Assessment (PSA).
- What is the Ship Security Alert System (SSAS), and why is it important?
- How often should the ISPS Code be audited, and why?
Answers Section:
- Security Level 1 – Minimum measures; Security Level 2 – Enhanced measures; Security Level 3 – Maximum measures.
- The SSO implements the SSP, conducts training, and coordinates with port authorities.
- The PSP includes security measures, restricted areas, access control, and procedures for security incidents.
- These measures include access control systems, surveillance, and personnel training.
- Regular drills and heightened vigilance from personnel to identify potential threats.
- The Achille Lauro hijacking (1992) served as the catalyst for the ISPS Code.
- Ships and ports can face fines, detentions, or restrictions.
- The PSA evaluates security risks and forms the basis of the PSP.
- The SSAS sends distress signals if the ship is in danger or hijacked.
- The ISPS Code should be audited regularly, typically annually, to ensure continued compliance and effectiveness.